Maladies évitables par la vaccination dans les MII
Pertinence, lignes directrices et considérations pour la mise en oeuvre
Résumé
La prévalence croissante des maladies évitables par la vaccination (MEV) chez les patients atteints d’une maladie inflammatoire de l’intestin (MII) a fait prendre conscience de la nécessité d’informer les médecins et les patients sur le rôle essentiel de la vaccination dans cette population. En 2023, on estimait que la population canadienne comptait 320 000 personnes (0,83 %) touchées par les MII. Plusieurs facteurs exposent les patients atteints d’une MII au risque de maladies évitables par la vaccination, notamment une efficacité et une innocuité potentiellement réduites des vaccinations dans le contexte des traitements immunosuppresseurs systémiques administrés pour la prise en charge des MII et un état de malnutrition causé par la maladie.
Les obstacles à l’administration de vaccins sont notamment la réticence des médecins à vacciner les patients atteints d’une MII; le manque de prise de conscience des patients de l’extrême importance d’un protocole de vaccination structuré; le postulat des gastro-entérologues qui estiment que la vaccination relève de la responsabilité du médecin de premier recours; ainsi que le manque de temps et de ressources.
L’objectif de cet article est de souligner le besoin d’une mise en œuvre élargie des lignes directrices élaborées en 2021 par l’Association canadienne de gastro-entérologie (ACG) concernant les vaccins vivants et inactivés chez les patients atteints d’une MII. Cette présentation porte sur les MEV les plus fréquentes qui sont susceptibles de nécessiter l’administration de vaccins vivants et inactivés et pour lesquelles on a dérogé aux recommandations du CCNI dans le cadre particulier des MII. Les vaccins choisis pour illustrer cette brève présentation sont également couramment administrés dans la pratique clinique. Les médecins peuvent éprouver de l’incertitude quant à la gestion de ces vaccinations dans la pratique.
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